In the early days of the space program, astronauts were mostly considered passengers. What happened to make them into experts?
Not surprisingly, it was a serious failure and amazing performance. That’s what happened to Gordon Cooper, who was the Mercury pilot for Faith 7:
Like all Mercury flights, Faith 7 was designed for fully automatic control, a controversial engineering decision which in many ways reduced the role of an astronaut to that of a passenger and prompted Chuck Yeager to describe Mercury astronauts as spam in a can.
Toward the end of the Faith 7 flight there were mission-threatening technical problems. During the 19th orbit, the capsule had a power failure. Carbon dioxide levels began rising and the cabin temperature jumped to over a hundred degrees Fahrenheit. Cooper fell back on his understanding of star patterns, took manual control of the tiny capsule and successfully estimated the correct pitch for re-entry into the atmosphere. Some precision was needed in the calculation since if the capsule came in too deep, g-forces would be too large, and if its trajectory was too shallow, it would bounce off the atmosphere and be sent back into space. Cooper drew lines on the capsule window to help him check his orientation before firing the re-entry rockets. “So I used my wrist watch for time,” he later recalled, “my eyeballs out the window for attitude. Then I fired my retrorockets at the right time and landed right by the carrier.” Cooper’s cool-headed performance and piloting skills led to a basic rethinking of design philosophy for later space missions.

This story perfectly illustrates how failure is the secret to success. The NASA engineers must have not had much respect for the early astronauts, who they saw as test pilots and thrill seekers. The spacecraft designers wanted everything to be completely automatic. Sending a human being into space was too important for one person to do. Instead, they wanted to trust the system.
Of course, the story of Gordon Cooper proves that things don’t always work out. Sometimes there are serious problems and people have to adapt. In these case, it’s the failure that inspires the success. And as we’ve seen before on this blog, the space program has learned from many different failures.
Failure is the secret to success. Learn more: buy the book today!